You shouldn't need Edge, Chrome, or Firefox to install each other. If you know the URL of the file you want to download, you could use curl or wget. (Of course, that won't work if you do not know the URL. But hopefully someone will tell you if you are unable to find it on your own computer.)
As of some recent Windows 10 build (edit: 1803 or insider 17063+), curl.exe (need to specify full executable name not just "curl", which is aliased to Invoke-WebRequest by default) is shipped by default as well. I believe it came around the same time as OpenSSH. You'll also find a tar.exe binary.
No; to get it without going through a browser you'd have to install Windows Subsystem for Linux as an optional feature, then download a Linux distro from the Microsoft Store - arguable whether that doesn't involve a browser, really.
