There's nothing really magical about this – don't cause retain cycles, everyone knows __block semantics changed with ARC, keep the returned value from the block-based NSNotificationCenter method, etc. Standard stuff.

The only thing that surprised me was the reference cycle in NSAssert. Then again, given Apple's poor regard for TDD, that shouldn't surprise me.

> everyone knows __block semantics changed

Everyone except the authors of the "Blocks Programming Topics" and the authors of the AVCamCaptureManager sample code. Maybe.

FYI the reason I included the digression about the __block change specifically is that I was recently fixing bugs on a project that uses AVCamCaptureManager, and Apple's mis-use of __block in that class, this is not a joke, through a series of corner cases, caused the status bar to unexpectedly and nondeterminisitically change color about 5% of the time on an unrelated screen.

Saying "everybody should already know how to do weak references" is great in theory. But if you are fielding weird reports for unreproducible status bar issues and it occurs to you at any time in the first hour that maybe Jim from the next cubicle used buggy sample code for a video recording feature on another screen you are a WAY better software developer than I am.

Of course this is standard stuff. But unlike a lot of standard stuff, this one can go undetected for long periods, and crop up in very unexpected places. That's the problem.

Apple's sample code is terrible. I've always assumed it is written by interns because it is generally bug ridden and often not the right way to do something.

Do you mean the code examples in articles or the projects that you can download? Because I haven't looked at their downloadable samples in quite some time, but their docs always seem alright to me.

Both, in my experience. The downloadable code is usually a rush job and has all sorts of sloppiness and missed edge cases. The code in the docs is usually cleaner (because it's just excerpts), but doesn't always get updated when APIs change.

The code samples are just bad and many are very outdated. I generally just read the header comments now and hit SO if I need more.

> Everyone except the authors of the "Blocks Programming Topics" and the authors of the AVCamCaptureManager sample code. Maybe.

No - it's just that these documents/samples haven't been updated when they should have been. Have you filed a Radar?

> have you filed a radar

I have radars open on both of these issues (and a large quantity of other things referenced in this post). They remain open for long periods of time without acknowledgment, as is tradition.

I'd recommend looking at @weakify and @strongify that come with libextobjc (https://github.com/jspahrsummers/libextobjc/). Handy little helpers to avoid retain cycles with all kind of blocks.

I agree and disagree.

For me, I agree this is standard stuff. If you are writing this stuff everyday, this block song and dance is basically taken care of with muscle memory.

Part of my job involves working with people from other companies who aren't as strong with objective-c. There are a lot of people that have trouble blocks for whatever reasons. I recently had a guy from another company act almost surprised that we were using "advanced features like blocks". We were a little shocked. But it just shows that not everyone is comfortable with them.

BUT, I think a better approach from the author wouldn't be to tell people not to use blocks w/ NSNotificationCenter but to make sure they know the in and outs of blocks, because blocks are amazingly powerful tools and they aren't going anywhere.

Same here. Nothing special. Everything he mentions is not specific to NSNotificationCenter with block. One has to look out for these issues whenever one uses blocks.

The NSAssert macro caught me by surprise too.

By the way, you can prevent the retain cycle in NSAssert using libextobjc's @weakify and @strongify macros.

Indeed, the NSAssert cycle surprised me too.

libextobj is great.

Another issue with NSAssert is that it's #ifdef-ed out in release mode.

So it can introduce reference cycles that only exist in debug mode, that prevent you from spotting premature deallocations that only become apparent in release mode.

(Of course, you QA in release mode. But it's annoying not catching that stuff early)

Pretty much my take on it as well. Nothing out of the ordinary here except the NSAssert, but I got that before the summer.

A hack to get around the self inside the macro https://github.com/seivan/SHAlertViewBlocks/blob/develop/Exa...

This really applies equally to any block that captures self. Blocks are, IMHO, the one place where ARC really falls down versus garbage-collection.

Yes, it's just a retain cycle. Self retains block, block retains self.

The only thing that makes this case confusing is that self only holds the block implicitly (via the notification center instead of any obvious ivar). Otherwise it's a design pattern that every reference counted language user must understand to avoid memory leaks. Weak references to self in blocks are a very common design pattern that all Objective-C programmers should know.

Not to mention that using 'self' in a block is just not a good idea to start with. Conceptually a block is not a method, so it doesn't have a well-defined self. Instead we are relying on the lexical scope capturing of blocks. The thing is, the documentation is very clear about what happens when you access self in a block[1]: "When a block is copied, it creates strong references to object variables used within the block. If you use a block within the implementation of a method:

    If you access an instance variable by reference, a strong reference is made to self;

    If you access an instance variable by value, a strong reference is made to the variable."

Right. So if you use self or an instance variable, you've just created a strong reference. In Drew's example, as he is relying on the object going out of scope, that will still leave the reference held by the block, which is itself held by the NotificationCenter. As with all reference cycles, the way out is to get the NotificationCenter to stop observing that notification, or as the Apple documentation says, use a local variable that takes the value of self, and use that local variable inside the block. This is the solution that Drew presents as Attempt6, but quite frankly would have been my very first attempt when the test failed. The stuff about __block is a red-herring, and from the documentation goes in the opposite direction that Drew wants, forcing a strong reference rather than removing it.

Drew also gets bitten by NSAssert using self. I would suggest that it is NSAssert that is doing something dodgy here - it's trying to have an implicit self, as though it was a method, when it most definately isn't a method - and Drew just got bitten by the impedence mismatch. Macros - just say no.

Using blocks is the one bit of Objective-C that still reminds me of the old MRR style. Just like with retain/release/autorelease, it's one thing understanding the pattern, it's another ensuring that your entire program conforms to it. Anywhere that you capture nontrivial objects is a possible failure point.

ReactiveCocoa has some nice patterns for avoiding block callbacks altogether. Eg:

   [myTarget rac_liftSelector:@selector(receiveCallback:) withSignals:mySignal, nil];

will capture a weak reference to the target, invoke the callback whenever 1 or more events fire and automatically unsubscribe when the target deallocates.

The book Programming iOS 6 by Matt Neuburg recommends the "weak-strong dance" for this, like so (p. 326):

    __weak MyClass* wself = self;
    self->observer = [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter]
                       addObserverForName:@"heyho"
                       object:nil queue:nil
                       usingBlock:^(NSNotification *n) {
                         MyClass *sself = wself;
                         if (sself) {
                           NSLog(@"%@", sself);
                         }
                       }];

Do other people agree this fixes the problem?

Also, it's my understanding closures only cause retain cycles if the method taking the block copies the block, per the docs: "When a block is copied, it creates strong references to object variables used within the block." Therefore this dance is not necessary for e.g. [NSURLConnection sendAsynchronousRequest:queue:completionHandler:]. Is that correct?

A little off topic:

If you over-do it then NSNotifications easily can become distributed goto. Once I had to add features to a Mac application that made heavy (ab)use of NSNotifications. Following code paths was a nightmare.

I tend to prefer the delegate pattern because there the relationships between objects are clear. Even if it means more work (creating glue code) - your sanity is worth it.

On a related note, I've run into a similar problem in C++, but opposite effect. A lambda won't keep my object alive if I try to capture a shared_ptr member, because C++ lambdas, similarly to blocks, by default capture implicit reference to "this", rather than individual instance variables.

http://stackoverflow.com/q/7764564/23643

Nice post! Are you always testing Apple's implementation details in your TDD? To me it seems the actual notification submission shouldn't be tested, only that it was called with the proper value?

Just a heads up though: The code snippet were hard to read because of the indentation. May I suggest

  cleanupObj = [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter]
              addObserverForName:notificationName
              object:nil
              queue:nil
              usingBlock:^(NSNotification *note) {
                // Code!
              }];

It might not be your coding style but in very narrow container, it makes it easier to read ;)

There are three related mistakes contributing to this bug:

1. The test is depending on dealloc being done eagerly.

2. The Attempt class puts unsubscribe code in its dealloc method.

3. The Attempt class does not force callers to control its lifetime.

I'll go into more depth on these.

1. Cleanup is often deferred. Dealloc may only run AFTER the test instead of DURING the loop (e.g. I think NSArray defers releasing its items in some cases). Tests that depend on cleanup occurring eagerly, without explicitly waiting or forcing it, are brittle. Given that Attempt uses dealloc to unsubscribe, and we are testing that it unsubscribed, we should at the very least allocate it in an autoreleasepool that ends before we test that it unsubscribed.

2. Putting unsubscribe code in dealloc is a great way to upgrade minor memory leak bugs into major behavior bugs. The article gives fantastic examples of this happening many different ways. Don't rely on the object happening to go out of scope at the right time. If your object's lifetime is controlling whether or not side effects occur, that's a bad situation to be in.

3. Someone has to be responsible for when unsubscribing happens (since we took it away from dealloc), and the someone most in a position to know when is the caller. We should force them to tell us our subscription lifetime. I like to control lifetimes with cancellation tokens [1], so I'd write the attempt class like this:

    @implementation Attempt
    -(instancetype) initUntil:(TOCCancelToken*)untilCancelledToken {
        if (self = [super init]) {
            id cleanupObj = ... addObserverForName stuff from Attempt1 ...
            [untilCancelledToken whenCancelledDo:^{ 
                [NSNotificationCenter.defaultCenter removeObserver:cleanupObj];
            }];
        }
        return self;
    }
    - (void)setLocalCounter:(int)localCounter { ... }
    - (int)localCounter { ... }
    @end

Here's what the test should look like:

    -(void)testExample {
        for(int i =0; i < 5; i++) {
            TOCCancelTokenSource* c = [TOCCancelTokenSource new];
            Attempt *a = [[Attempt alloc] initUntil:c.token];
            [NSNotificationCenter.defaultCenter postNotificationName:notificationName object:nil];
            [c cancel];
            
            XCTAssertEqual(counter, i+1, @"Unexpected value for counter.");
            XCTAssertEqual(1, attempt1.localCounter, @"Unexpected value for localCounter.");
        }
    }

Hopefully I got that right. I don't have a mac nearby to test it out at the moment, and I've never used NSNotificationCenter before.

1: http://twistedoakstudios.com/blog/Post7391_cancellation-toke...

I disagree with your mistake #1, and therefore also with the second one. In ARC, dealloc is done eagerly. So, I don't have a problem with unsubscribing in dealloc.

I dislike that receiving the notification mutates global state though. I can't clearly articulate it, but that's why I think the caller should have explicit control over when the behavior is active. I think notification subscriptions that last for the lifetime of the object should probably be related to the object's internal state.

Finally, I went to the clang docs regarding timing of dealloc, and as I read it, they shoot for immediate deallocation, but let it slide for local variables:

    Precise lifetime semantics
    
    In general, ARC maintains an invariant that a retainable object pointer
    held in a __strong object will be retained for the full formal lifetime
    of the object. Objects subject to this invariant have precise
    lifetime semantics.
    
    By default, local variables of automatic storage duration do
    not have precise lifetime semantics. Such objects are simply strong
    references which hold values of retainable object pointer type,
    and these values are still fully subject to the optimizations
    on values under local control.
    
    Rationale
    Applying these precise-lifetime semantics strictly would be prohibitive.
    Many useful optimizations that might theoretically decrease the
    lifetime of an object would be rendered impossible. Essentially,
    it promises too much.

    A local variable of retainable object owner type and automatic storage
    duration may be annotated with the objc_precise_lifetime attribute to
    indicate that it should be considered to be an object with precise lifetime
    semantics.
    
    Rationale
    Nonetheless, it is sometimes useful to be able to force an object to
    be released at a precise time, even if that object does not appear
    to be used. This is likely to be uncommon enough that the syntactic
    weight of explicitly requesting these semantics will not be burdensome,
    and may even make the code clearer.

There is no bug here. Just a very bad example.

This article reminds me to brush up on my blocks! Good to have all these error cases all in one place. :)

Nice, just the other day I used NSAssert in C function and got weird crash on self.

typeof(self) __weak weakSelf = self;

self.block = ^{ typeof(self) strongSelf = weakSelf; if (strongSelf) { // ... } };

Any explanation for the downvotes? I concede the value of rapid application development, but objective-c itself doesn't provide this at all - rather the libraries like UIKit or Cocoa coupled with the Xcode development environment do this.

Objective-C is measurably bad for my code. I have reams of data to support this... and its all trivially reproducable.

I didn't downvote you, but you directed a lot of loosely-connected negative assertions at a single target without really backing any of them up.

Whatever you intended, it came across as a bit of a rant.

when i mention the slowness of the message mechanism this is both by design of Objective-C (for runtime features) and very measurable. this is why, for example, NSArray becomes prohibitively slow when you want to iterate across 1000s of members.

Objective-C is nice, but its slow by design, and this rules it out in a concrete way for a lot of the work I've done.

Its sad when optimisation comes down to 'knowing better than the compiler' only because of language constraints. (even C has this problem with struct layout for example - its just prevalent when using Objective-C/Cocoa (Touch))

Are you saying you'd rather write apps in C++? I don't think the tradeoff is worth it.

yes, basically. i don't like paying the cost at runtime for a lot of things... NSArray is very useful for instance, but I can't use it for any serious amount of data I want to process in a frame. this comes down to the design of the language implementation not caring about performance. its not so much a tradeoff as 'for performance reasons I can not use Objective-C'

i also don't like the ref counting. when given a choice i would rather do my own allocations.