I do indeed have the impression that anyone who would bring up Golang's name as a serious flaw would also believe that C's name has held it back as well.
Well, you're a bit mistaken. There are a couple of reasons why this isn't the case:
1. C was already pretty much the programming language by the time the Web took off, so it had an inherent advantage in Googlability due to its popularity.
2. The letter C does not tend to be used by itself as often or as widely as the word "go," so even if C hadn't already had an unfair advantage, it would have less of a problem just on this basis. The odds that an arbitrary programming article unrelated to C will have "C" scattered about are not all that great. The odds that an arbitrary programming article unrelated to Go will use the word "go" are actually pretty decent. Put another way, "Go" is a more common word than "C," so it generates more noise.
I don't find this issue to be all that problematic anymore since the search engines seem to have learned that "go" in conjunction with programming terms indicates an interest in Go-centric material, but I did find it vexing when Go was younger and I was first trying to learn it.
Silly.