BTW, 4) is even more easily offshored, because there aren't any physical constraints. It's hard to move a shipyard with tons of very precise equipment from Sweden to Vietnam. But it's relatively easy to move a software design team to Vietnam, when the only constraint is a person behind a computer. For a young person in Vietnam making 4 times the average salary is a way more motivating than for a Swede making +30% over the market.