But of what? What has Binance done 181 trillion times?

Obviously they have. I don’t think they’re throwing away money for logs they don’t generate or need. I just can’t imagine the scope of it.

That is, I know this is a failing of my imagination, not their engineering decisions. I’d love to fill in my knowledge gaps.

If it's 181 trillion each year, it's only 6 million per second. There's a thousand milliseconds in each second so Binance would need only several thousand high frequency traders creating, and adjusting orders, through their API, to end up with those logs.

Binance has hundreds of trading pairs available so a handful on each pair average would add up.

They are application logs, so probably nearly every click on their website.