A planet's mass doesn't matter so much as the density. If you look at a planet like Saturn, it is almost 100x heavier, but it's surface gravity is nearly identical to Earth's. What really matters for rockets though is the surface escape velocity, which scales like the square root of mass divided by radius. So for large radii it is slightly worse than density, which scales like mass divided by radius cubed. Ideally you would live on a small rocky planet (Mars ftw).
I tried to calculate a formula once, to convert increment of Earth's mass to increment of Earth's gravity for a planet of the same density, so not the same as escape velocity but sort of related. I'm not sure if it's actually correct but it was: x/x^(2/3) So i.e. for 5 Earth masses and the same density, it would be 1.71 of Earth's gravity on the surface, 10 masses -> 2.15 Earth's gravity.
Reasoning: Acceleration is GM/R^2 and planets R is like (x * Me / 4Pi / density)^1/3 . Directly proportional to M and inverse square root of radius, while the radius is directly proportional to (x)^(1/3)
Though the density for 2 planets made of the same stuff and different masses would probably be different due to differences in pressure in its internals? Just a guess.
A planet's mass doesn't matter so much as the density. If you look at a planet like Saturn, it is almost 100x heavier, but it's surface gravity is nearly identical to Earth's. What really matters for rockets though is the surface escape velocity, which scales like the square root of mass divided by radius. So for large radii it is slightly worse than density, which scales like mass divided by radius cubed. Ideally you would live on a small rocky planet (Mars ftw).