Respectfully, this reads like you're using outdated Python tools.
Give Poetry [1] a shot, it has all the things you've listed here. Just as Node.js has come a long way in the last 5 years, Python has, too. Albeit, in a fashion that was much less centralized, arguably to Python's detriment.
Oh yeah, I've used Poetry. I'm talking about Python out of the box. The dependency management ecosystem is super fractured and relies on 3rd party tools developing their own standards, and even then, they can't overcome fundamental limitations. For example, Poetry is great but locking/installation still takes way longer than Node because there are no declarative manifests.
Poetry can not give you things that do not (always) exist in the ecosystem, like properly declared dependencies [1], which are a must in most other package managers.
Poetry can be painfully slow if you happen to depend on many packages that only use `setup.py` to define dependencies.
Give Poetry [1] a shot, it has all the things you've listed here. Just as Node.js has come a long way in the last 5 years, Python has, too. Albeit, in a fashion that was much less centralized, arguably to Python's detriment.
[1]: https://python-poetry.org/history/#100---2019-12-12, released 1.0 in 2019/12.