Wanikani [1], an SRS for learning Japanese kanji and vocabulary, kinda works like that, though on a simpler level than what I think you envision.
Basically their system involves first learning to recognize common parts of kanji (radicals), then learning to recognize kanji made up of those radicals, and finally learning vocabulary that uses those kanji. Later items in the graph are unlocked by getting the previous items to a certain SRS stage. Additionally, the entire syllabus is divided into 60 discreet levels of (very) roughly the same number of items, the next level being unlocked by getting 90% of the current kanji to a certain SRS stage, which helps keep it all manageable.
I tried using Anki before, but found the Wanikani "method" to work much better for me since I could constantly build on things I had learned previously.
Basically their system involves first learning to recognize common parts of kanji (radicals), then learning to recognize kanji made up of those radicals, and finally learning vocabulary that uses those kanji. Later items in the graph are unlocked by getting the previous items to a certain SRS stage. Additionally, the entire syllabus is divided into 60 discreet levels of (very) roughly the same number of items, the next level being unlocked by getting 90% of the current kanji to a certain SRS stage, which helps keep it all manageable.
I tried using Anki before, but found the Wanikani "method" to work much better for me since I could constantly build on things I had learned previously.
[1] https://wanikani.com/