Pretty sure this is exactly what happened to me and it's soured me on 1:1s. I thought he was listening empathetically, but really he was using the information I was giving him, in what was supposed to be a private setting, and used it to paint a very negative picture of me to the rest of the bosses.
I've had a manager use exactly what I warned about when later being promoted to executive position. Also having the person bragging confidently about power over their employees.