Yes, but that's only possible because of the underlying monetary policy, which is controlled by the Fed.
In contrast, there is no way you can do this with (most) cryptocurrencies. The monetary policy of Bitcoin is dictated by the physical bounds of the proof-of-work algorithm. There is absolutely nothing that Coinbase can do to "create" more Bitcoin outside of just mining it like everyone else.
No money creation at banks is not controlled by central bank monetary policy. And it’s very easy to create new crypto assets. Bitcoin has gone from 100% to 60% of crypto market cap in the past 5 years - that’s 10% “inflation”
> No money creation at banks is not controlled by central bank monetary policy
There is in fact an upper limit set by the fractional reserve. I see US has abolished that limit right now (March 2020), but when they would set it to 100%, there would be no money multiplying at all.
If it is, then that means Coinbase can create new "Bitcoin" on demand; which we both know that it cannot do.
In your own source, the banks ability to increase money supply through the multiplier effect is capped by the capital adequacy ratios, which are defined by the Fed. It is also an inevitability of any currency that isn't backed by an asset. To be clear, I don't have problems with the concept of fiat currencies, but we have to be honest about what it actually is and how it works, and how Bitcoin is different.
It absolutely can, because all exchange users put their money in a big pot (the exchange's "cold wallet" and "hot wallet") rather than having individual wallets - this allows for instant trading. Exchange accounts aren't quite like banks but they are like brokerage accounts.
Numerous exchanges have blown up when the wallet got stolen from underneath them - but in the gap between the theft and the discovery, the users thought they had bitcoin when in fact they had a bitcoin balance.
Okay, but you're talking about a completely different thing.
Your Bitcoin balance, as it's shown in Coinbase's UI, is very different from your Bitcoin balance as it's understood by everyone else on the public blockchain; and that too only temporarily. There is nothing that Coinbase can do to permanently alter that supply of Bitcoin. That is what we're talking about.
In contrast, the permanent US Dollar supply can and is permanently altered due to the monetary policy which governs it.
You're still wrong. Any exchange, due to the crazy lax regulations in the industry, can do this:
* accept 100 bitcoins for deposit, giving their previous owners "100 claims against exchange X" in return
* sell those 100 bitcoins
* the new owners of those 100 bitcoins can roll down to exchange X and deposit them and accept 100 claims against exchange X in return
* and the exchange can sell those 100 bitcoins once again
Now we've got 100 bitcoins out in the world and 200 claims against exchange X, and each of these 300 items functions identically. They're exposed to all risk of gain or loss on the market, they can be traded, sold, used to purchase stuff... with the only limitation being that not every claim against exchange X can be immediately redeemed. But as long as not every person tries to redeem their claim at the same time, there are no problems.
Exchange X has permanently [until they exit the market] increased the usable supply of bitcoins. Nothing prevents an exchange from having more than 21 million bitcoins on deposit. With large enough exchanges, the banked, usable balance of bitcoins could be 100 million coins. 100 trillion. There is no limit.
What you've described is also roughly how gold vs gold certificates work. You're correct that an owner of a gold certificate doesn't truly own the gold, and are exposed to extra risk on account of that. That being said, the value of gold has still remained stable/flat (relative to USD inflation). Also, every time you buy BTC, you can see the underlying transaction on the public block explorer. The day that stops being true is the day that Coinbase loses customers that consider BTC as a hedge on fiat.
You can still transact with Bitcoin using your own wallets against other exchanges/vaults. That's the entire point, Coinbase, like a (lower case "b") doesn't control the supply of Bitcoin, any more than precious metals bullions control the supply of gold despite their issuance of "gold certificates". Like any (lower case "b") bank, Coinbase can engage in bad behavior, and users are placing their trust in Coinbase to not do that. But those users aren't placing their trust in Coinbase to drive the monetary policy of Bitcoin, in the same way that the gold hoarder placing their gold bars in a Swiss vault doesn't really have to worry about the operator of the vault creating gold out of thin air. That fundamental fact drives the collective belief in the value of gold; as well as Bitcoin.
> * the new owners of those 100 bitcoins can roll down to exchange X and deposit them and accept 100 claims against exchange X in return
You can't deposit that purchased BTC at another exchange unless you cash out of Coinbase, because you don't have access to the private key, Coinbase does.
You seem confused about what I wrote. Suggest you read it again. All you've done is reiterate some Bitcoin dogma without attempting to grapple with reality as it presents itself to you.
I suggest you re-read what I wrote. Your description of fractional reserve banking only holds in a world where bank deposits are fungible legal tender regardless of what they are backed with at any particular moment. This doesn't apply with Bitcoin (and most of its peers) unless there are laws that ban making that distinction. Put simply: the crypto market today doesn’t appear to value Bitcoin “certificates” the same way it values Bitcoin. Other crypto exchanges don’t price BTC as a function of derivates at other unaffiliated exchanges. As long as that’s the case, it doesn’t matter if there are more certificates/obligations than there are Bitcoin, the underlying value of Bitcoin won’t change. This is not that dissimilar to what we’ve empirically seen happen with Gold (and Gold certificates).
Not going to continue this discussion any further because you seem less interested in having a polite conversation, and this is starting to get destructive.
Even if Bitcoin replaces fiat money, governments will find ways to enforce monetary policy, because the power to put people in prison trumps any algorithm.
A government absolutely can declare that the correct blockchain is actually this other blockchain, or the only legal algorithm is now a version of their own invention (like the split between Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash, but enforced by law). If the gov wants inflation, they can replace the algorithm with one that allows inflation, or achieve a similar effect by publishing an official root block every year with a portion of all holdings transferred to the government.
But they probably wouldn't do that, when it's so much easier to simply seize cryptocurrency ("give us your private keys or spend thirty years in prison") or heavily tax it.
None of this has been done because crypto is still a novelty, but if it ever becomes a serious threat to government policy, governments will find ways to deal with it.
And centralizing Bitcoin in exchanges like Coinbase makes this far easier; the government only needs to enforce its policy on Coinbase, and Coinbase in turn will enforce it on customers.
> A government absolutely can declare that the correct blockchain is actually this other blockchain, or the only legal algorithm is now a version of their own invention (like the split between Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash, but enforced by law).
tl;dr: Bitcoin mining is mostly done by businesses, businesses will choose legal compliance over bitcoin-idealism, governments could wrest control of blockchain transactions through legal penalties (e.g. blacklist certain addresses and make it illegal for miners to process transactions from them OR mine blocks based off ones with illegal transactions). Economic incentives will encourage miners too small for enforcement to conform to the regulations. Bitcoin idealists can't do anything about it because their hashrate is puny and no one legit will deal with their forks.
Do we have the public reporting to know how many bitcoin are currently owned (or maybe owed is a better verb)?
That is, can we add up all of the Bitcoin listed in the customer ledgers of all of the exchanges, or is that information (the total, not the individual entries) not available to auditors?
This sounds like the gold/gold certificate distinction. A lot of people who think they own gold as a hedge against societal collapse only own it on paper.
That doesn't impact the value of Bitcoin. When you exchange USDT for Bitcoin, the loser isn't holders of Bitcoin, the loser is (potentially) holders of USDT. Exchanging USDT for Bitcoin doesn't create new Bitcoin.
Coinbase, as a marketplace, engages in the exchange of (potentially) bad tokens like USDT, as well as tokens like BTC that are provably finite. All of this is orthogonal to the fact that there is nothing hypocritical or internally inconsistent about holding and using Bitcoin or Ethereum and using Coinbase.
Coinbase doesn't trade USDT. They have their own USD pegged stablecoin called USDC and also trade Dai, which is pegged to the USD and is over collateralized
When banks use bitcoin instead of fiat, they could in fact create more 'bitcoin' in the same way.
You wouldn't own the bitcoin, just as now you don't own the real fiat. There would just be a number on your bank account that says how many bitcoin you own, but it's multiplied the same way as they do now.
It all comes down to the % of reserve they need to hold.
This might very well be what Revolut already does :D (you can 'purchase bitcoin' or sell it at the prices they determine; but you can't transfer it out of Revolut).
In contrast, there is no way you can do this with (most) cryptocurrencies. The monetary policy of Bitcoin is dictated by the physical bounds of the proof-of-work algorithm. There is absolutely nothing that Coinbase can do to "create" more Bitcoin outside of just mining it like everyone else.