Dylan! (Which is commonly called a Lisp dialect due to its internal structure, even though it lacks homoiconicity.) See https://opendylan.org/documentation/intro-dylan/conditions.h...

There are implementations of condition systems as libraries, too. Copying links from my book:

* Python: https://github.com/svetlyak40wt/python-cl-conditions

* Clojure: https://github.com/clojureman/special

* Ruby: https://github.com/michaeljbishop/mulligan

* Perl: https://metacpan.org/release/Worlogog-Incident, https://metacpan.org/release/Worlogog-Restart