For JS and Typescript there’s Quokka, which I haven’t tried and doesn’t really seem to be in the style of a notebook, but might be helpful? https://quokkajs.com/
There is actually a JS adaptor/extension for Jupyter but I found it pretty clunky to use, and since I’m equally comfortable with Python as JS, I just stuck with Python.
For Typescript Stackblitz might be interesting, but it’s not like a notebook, and it’s not a run-locally tool.
For C# I have LinqPad, which I'm a huge fan of but never discovered something with similar functionality for typescript.
I've seen some open source kernels[0] but I'm not sure about the quality, did anyone try them? Deno core in Jupyter would have been amazing.
[0]: https://github.com/jupyter/jupyter/wiki/Jupyter-kernels