Typically politics, turf wars, etc. If you succeed quickly at something someone with pull has been working on unsuccessfully for a while, you can easily end up with a powerful enemy or just plain fired.
In the real world, getting things done is not your job. Your job is to make your boss look good to his boss. In reasonably functional organizations, the former is aligned to the latter. But they are hardly the rule.
Why / how can that happen?