Most file systems use journaling[1], which allows you to recover from corruption. Some use copy-on-write[2]--most prominently zfs, but also btrfs and, more recently, bcachefs--which almost entirely prevents corruption in the first place.

1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaling_file_system

2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy-on-write#In_computer_stor...