They absolutely did become big by differentiating product. There's a Jersey Mike's and an Arby's near my home, as well as a Subway about a mile away. The former two chains came into existence right around the same time (and slightly before) Subway did. They struggle for business, both nationwide and locally. It wouldn't surprise me if most readers of this comment haven't heard of them, while most everyone has heard of Subway. That's despite having a similar product (sandwiches) and similar locations to Subway.
What they're missing is the brand. Subway pushed heavily on being a healthy, quick-service chain with good selection in the late 90s, right as America was waking up to the virtues of healthy food and wanting something different from burgers. (They'd actually been around since the 60s, but I never heard about them until the early 2000s.) Nobody buys a Subway for the sandwich; they buy a subway because they want something quick & easy, from a known source, and don't feel like getting a burger. There are plenty of other sandwich shops that sell sandwiches cheaper, oftentimes with better ingredients (i.e. not 49% soy protein in their chicken), but you'll never have heard of them, and most close up in a few years. Invest in them and you go broke.
I have to believe you're wrong, given how awful Subway is compared to every other sub place, particularly Jersey Mikes, Jimmy Johns, Potbelly, DiBellas, even Firehouse Subs. Without doing in depth research, the differentiator has to be their franchising model.
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21465969
They absolutely did become big by differentiating product. There's a Jersey Mike's and an Arby's near my home, as well as a Subway about a mile away. The former two chains came into existence right around the same time (and slightly before) Subway did. They struggle for business, both nationwide and locally. It wouldn't surprise me if most readers of this comment haven't heard of them, while most everyone has heard of Subway. That's despite having a similar product (sandwiches) and similar locations to Subway.
What they're missing is the brand. Subway pushed heavily on being a healthy, quick-service chain with good selection in the late 90s, right as America was waking up to the virtues of healthy food and wanting something different from burgers. (They'd actually been around since the 60s, but I never heard about them until the early 2000s.) Nobody buys a Subway for the sandwich; they buy a subway because they want something quick & easy, from a known source, and don't feel like getting a burger. There are plenty of other sandwich shops that sell sandwiches cheaper, oftentimes with better ingredients (i.e. not 49% soy protein in their chicken), but you'll never have heard of them, and most close up in a few years. Invest in them and you go broke.