In a properly functioning regulatory environment, an independent third party would establish a noise sensor monitoring network around the airport and use that data as feedback to stakeholders (officials, aircraft operators, private citizens around the airport).
This is almost exactly what happens in the USA. Pretty much all of the major airports, and many of the intermediate airports have aircraft noise monitoring systems. See [0] for example.
This is almost exactly what happens in the USA. Pretty much all of the major airports, and many of the intermediate airports have aircraft noise monitoring systems. See [0] for example.
[0] https://www.dfwairport.com/aircraftnoise/