So you want something that covers all types of database systems? I don't think any such book exists, but maybe look at the database-oriented courses at CMU, Berkeley, Stanford, MIT ... Those are typically comprehensive and include links to source books/papers.

In particular, look at Joseph M. Hellerstein at CMU: db.cs.berkeley.edu/jmh/ (doesn't load for me at the moment, not sure what's wrong).

Also, the Redbook (prepared by Hellerstein, Bailis and Stonebraker) is great: http://www.redbook.io/ but it's more an update on various topics than introduction.