Problem with that logic is, humans don't just evolve genetically, we evolve culturally, and that cultural evolution ends up affecting our biology as well. So it doesn't really matter how slow genetic evolution is. Cultural evolution is what defines the human species. It's much more rapid because it includes planning and foresight, unlike the blind watchmaker of biological evolution. It is also lamarckian in that it incorporates the experiences of the previous generation into the cultural phenotype of the next one.
That's precisely how we've changed so drastically is an evolutionary blink of an eye.
And now, our cultural evolution has reached the point where we're even able to change our own genetics with planning and foresight in a single generation. So it seems to me that the blind watchmaker is essentially irrelevant now.
How so? If great filters exist at all, which is not a given, there could be multiple ones, first of all. They could be somewhere between our level of biological complexity and the kind hypothesised to be responsible for this signal. Endosymbiosis is a very plausible such filter. The evolution of language and the bootstrapping of cultural evolution is another one. Both n=1 on our planet. Probably there are others I can't think of right now.
This is very exciting. It's certainly approaching the best evidence we could possibly hope for from an exoplanet given current technology.
Of course, the weak link here is the assumption that these bio-markers can't be produced abiotically, which is a pretty big assumption. Our understanding of planetary science is still in its infancy. This is (thought to be) a hycean planet, a type of planet unknown to us until very recently(post-JWST, I believe?). And given that the solar system has no hycean planets, it's a class of planets which is fundamentally poorly studied, with pretty limited access to data. We can make models, and we can get some spectral data on the contents of their gaseous atmospheres. But we have no way of looking at their surface oceans. Thinking about what kind of chemistry might be going on there is mostly just an act of speculative modelling.
So the interesting question is, without new sources of data, can we determine whether these bio-markers are biological in origin? Not really. Not without a much better understanding of planetary science in general and hycean worlds in particular(of course, that's what this research is trying to do, and making progress at). As well as a deeper understanding of abiogenesis. I could imagine a working understanding of abiogenesis at least being able to eliminate some candidate planets, but even that assumes only one type of abiogenesis is possible, which is more or less unfounded. That is, unless the understanding includes some deep information theoretic/evolutionary perspective on abiogenesis which would probably have to include a completely unambiguous information theoretic and physical definition of what life even is. It is conceivable that such an understanding might provide very strong restrictions on what kinds of chemical systems are capable of abiogenesis, and that those restrictions could then be used to eliminate certain planets or even entire star systems from contention. And if these hycean worlds were eliminated that way, we'd know there must be some abiotic source of these "biomarkers", and knowing that, we would likely be able to figure out what it is. But ok, that's a lot of assumptions.
Maybe we get lucky, and some chemists stumble on a non-biotic chemical system that can produce these chmicals in concentrations that can be detected by JWST at a distance of hundreds of light years. Or, conversely, maybe chemists somehow manage to prove conclusively that biotic origin is the only possible source. I'm not a chemist or a microbiologist, so I have no idea what that would look like. It's probably well beyond our current understanding.
I guess what I'm rantingly saying is, while this result changes my credence that there's life on this planet about as much as is possible with current science and technology, it still barely changes it at all. Before it was maybe 0.5 + ε(habitable zone, liquid water), and it is now 0.5 + 2ε.
I guess something which could move the needle much more significantly, is if we found a large number(say 10) of chemically unrelated potential bio-markers in the atmosphere of a planet very similar to earth, in a very similar star system. Then, the assumption of the impossibility of abiotic sources would be much more plausible. I believe doing this type of research for earth-sized exoplanets with JWST is still quite borderline(please correct me if I'm wrong).
Having said all that, this result is still extremely exciting. For the first time, the field of exobiology has any contact with observational data from outside our solar system at all(besides mere astronomical data), and things will only improve from here. Future telescopes will be better at this type of observation, and our understanding of planetary science is evolving at an accelerating pace. I'm very excited to see where this research goes in the future.
I've been saying this for years; LLMs will never be able to replace a good support staff. The only support LLMs can be relied on for is the kind of support you get from companies like google and netflix. Off-shored, glorified clickfarm workers in India, who only have access to some restrictive API and a very rigid playbook. They can do stuff like grandma forgot her password again -> help her reset her password.
For a support agent to actually be useful beyond that, they need some leeway to make decisions unilaterally, sometimes in breach of "protocol", when it makes sense. No company with a significant level of complexity in its interactions with customers can have an actually complete set of protocols that can describe every possible scenario that can arise. That's why you need someone with actual access inside the company, the ability to talk to the right people in the company should the need arise, a general ability(and latitude) to make decisions based on common sense, and an overall understanding of the state of the company and what compromises can be made somewhat regularly without bankrupting it. Good support is effectively defined by flexibility, and diametrically opposed to following a strict set of rules. It's about solving issues that hadn't been thought of until they happened. This is the kind of support that gets you customer loyalty.
No company wants to give an LLM the power given to a real support agent, because they can't really be trusted. If the LLM can make unilateral decisions, what if it hallucinated and gives the customer free service for life? Now they have to either eat the cost of that, or try to withdraw the offer, which is likely to lose them that customer. And at the end of all that, there's no one to hold liable for the fuckup(except I guess the programmers that made the chatbot). And no one wants the LLM support agent to be sending them emails all day the same way a human support agent might. So what you end up with is just a slightly nicer natural language interface to a set of predefined account actions and FAQ items. In other words, exactly what you get from clickfarms in Southern Asia or even a phone tree, except cheaper. And sure, that can be useful, just to filter out the usual noise, and buy your real support staff more time to work on the cases where they're really needed, but that's it.
Some companies, like Netflix and Google(Google probably has better support for business customers, never used it, so I can't speak to it. I've only Bangalored(zing) my head against a wall with google support as a lowly consumer who bought a product), seem to have no support staff beyond the clickfarms, and as a result their support is atrocious. And when they replace those clickfarms with LLMs, support will continue to be atrocious, maybe with somewhat better English. And it'll save them money, and because of that they'll report it as a rousing success. But for customers, nothing will have changed.
This is pretty much what I predicted would happen a few years ago, before every company and its brother got its own LLM based support chatbot. And anecdotally, that's pretty much what has happened. For every support request I've made in the last year, I can remember 0 that were sorted out by the LLM, and a handful that were sorted out by humans after the LLM told me it was impossible to solve.
The ASRS-5, while it only has six questions, is actually a very respectable test for ADHD, often used even in clinical research. It's thoroughly tested against more comprehensive tests and the data checks out so far. It's even seeing clinical use as an early screening before going through the full diagnosis, which in adults is very involved, since diagnosis requires a determination that ADHD was present in childhood.
Source: my dad is a clinical psychologist specialising in diagnosis and treatment of ADHD . I kept seeing this pop up in papers so I asked him about it.
ASRS-5 almost ruined my life. I would highly recommend anyone reading this to get a thorough evaluation for ADHD diagnosis before trying medication; or just use audio :)
If someone prescribed you stimulants based solely on ASRS-5, that's malpractice(at least in most the west, I obviously can't speak for every country), and I'm sorry that happened to you. You could have a strong malpractice case if "almost ruined my life" can be well documented. In that case I suggest talking to a lawyer. If what you mean is you did the self-screening and picked ip some adderall on the black market then, then I guess you're outta luck.
And I'm not sure why this is downvoted. Your advice is good. Get properly diagnosed by a professional. Amphetamine or any other adhd medication is not something you wanna take every day unless you have adhd. And even then, only if it's severe enough to seriously worsen your quality of life.
My ADHD is extremely severe. Without meds I tend to end up smoking large amounts of hash and turning my apartment into a garbage dump as I gain weight and my muscles atrophy from inactivity. I've been back on meds for about 6 months now; my place is spotless, I smoke one spliff every 4 weeks(mostly to learn moderation), I'm losing weight, doing cardio every morning, quit smoking cigarettes, and just recently started coding a bit again. For me it's a total lifesaver.
ADHD or not, I would suggest avoiding strong stimulants (ADHD medication) and working on coping mechanisms in conjunction with natural supplements first.
You're confusing the qualia of colour("what it's like" to perceive colour) with the property of colour. Both can be referred to by the word "colour".
You're essentially just arguing that one definition of a noun is "more valid" than another, which is completely arbitrary.
And of course the qualia of colour is entirely subjective and only in the mind. That's literally the definition of qualia. That doesn't mean the property of colour is also subjective, just because it's referred to by the same noun. And besides, qualia is a philosophically controversial term in the first place.
If you were trying to cross a river and someone told you walk over that bridge over there, you wouldn't respond that it's impossible because a bridge is a device that links two computer networks together at the link layer, and couldn't possibly be used a cross a river, would you?
you're right, I'm just arguing that when we talk about colors we talk about the subjective perception of it, the thing that we see, which is what is usually referred to as color in any normal conversation. I didn't know there was a different definition of color which was a synonym of wavelength, in that case you're right. So as you say, the debate is arbitrary because it's about different definitions of color.
However, both measurements of wavelengths, the qualia or subjective one and the numerical wavelength or objective one, both exist only in our minds. There exists a measurement if and only if there exists someone that measures, even if it is an objective measure
Agreed. It's simply philosophically sloppy to suggest that purple, brown, and really any other colour don't exist without qualifying what one means by existing in this context, and why that definition of the word is used.
In this case, it seems the "what" is that for a colour to "exist", it has to be a distinct, isolated frequency of light, and (for some reason) it needs to appear in a logical place in the frequency space in relation to other colours. They don't answer the "why" question, and I think if they tried, they would find it difficult, because it's completely arbitrary and in conflict with reality.
Just because some colours do in fact correspond to frequencies of light, that doesn't mean all colours have to. There's a reason we have the terms primary and secondary colour. Some colours are emergent from mixing other colours together. Does that mean they can't appear in the natural world, being discriminated by sensory systems? No. Does purple cause things to happen? I'm sure you could find myriad examples of this in the natural world.
Ironically, the only thing here that only exists in our brains, is the notion that purple doesn't exist.
Even better, I can tell you one I experienced literally today.
I was at a barbeque, and the people hosting put out one bowl of diced red onion, which despite the name was purple, as it tends to be, and a bowl of crispy fried onion, which was brown. I reached for the fried onion, and avoided the red(purple) onion, because I always hated red onion.
Now, if you want to be annoying, you could make all sorts of red(heh) herring arguments about the cause of me avoiding the red onions being their flavour and aroma in the past having caused me not to like onions, and that's all true. But effects can have multiple causes, and it's also true that the distribution of pigments in the onion leading to an emergent property we dub "purple" did in fact convey information to me that caused me to decide not to eat them. I didn't smell them or taste them. Information was transmitted from onion to mind, via the electromagnetic field. Clearly the emergent property of purple colour has a causal effect here.
As for other examples in the natural world of non-human plants an animals, I don't know, but feel free to use a search engine. But since the colour purple is found in all sorts of life forms(including humans, and all sorts of life forms(including) are able to perceive and discriminate it from other colours, it's fair to assume that the colour purple is out there having all sorts of causal effects.
The purple you saw in those onions is literally a neurological glitch. Your brain inventing a color that doesn’t exist in the spectrum. When red (long) and blue (short) wavelengths hit without green (mid), your visual cortex makes up purple as a placeholder. Your avoidance wasn’t caused by the color itself (a mental construct), but by the brain using this imaginary hue as a proxy for past onion trauma.
This mirrors how we treat UI error messages. A "404" doesn’t cause missing data, it’s just the system’s way of flagging underlying issues. The real causal chain was anthocyanins → wavelength reflection → neural pattern-matching → memory recall. Purple was the middleware, not the root process.
Fun twist. Those fried onions’ brown does have causal ties to flavor. Maillard reaction products directly interact with taste receptors. The universe trolls us with color semantics, but chemistry always wins.
It might not exist in the spectrum, does that mean it doesn't exist? You're arguing and conflating two different things here. On the one hand, you're implicitly arguing that a colour can't exist unless it corresponds to a singular frequency of light, which I've already argued against. This is no more meaningful than arguing that tables and chairs are mental constructs because it's all quarks and electrons at the end of the day. Emergent properties exist and can have causal effects, most philosophers and scientists are in agreement about this.
The other is that a qualia or the mental experience of seeing purple is the same thing as perceiving purple as distinct from other colours in a physical object. I'm not talking about the qualia. In fact, I hate the concept of qualia, because whenever it's introduced into philosophical discussions, the discussion devolves into epicycles of meaningsless discussion of definitions and nomenclature and ends up going nowhere.
No, the purple was there. You say all that was there was some chemicals that only reflects certain wavelengths. I say this is what defines the emergent physical property we call the colour purple. You say electrons and quarks, I say tables and chairs. Both are accurate, and certainly not in conflict.
You might say, so how is this distinct from qualia? Well, for the qualia of seeing purple, there is no way even in principle to decide whether my qualia is the same as your qualia. But I can still look at a red onion and tell you it's purple, and you likely would agree unless you're colour blind. So this property of purple is, unlike a qualia, objective, not subjective.
Your critique reveals a crucial conflation between structural emergence and perceptual categorization, a distinction that clarifies why "purple" (as a color category) lacks the causal efficacy you ascribe to it. If you gift me some of your valuable reading time, let's dissect this.
1. Two Types of Emergence
- Structural emergence (tables/chairs): Arises from physical interactions between components. A table's causal power (holding objects) derives from its atomic structure creating macroscopic rigidity. These properties are observer-independent. A laser would detect the table's structural integrity even with no humans present.
- Perceptual categorization (color): Emerges from evolved neurobiology + cultural reinforcement. The "purple" label applied to red onions is a compression algorithm for "reflects 400-450nm + 600-700nm with minimal 500-600nm". This categorization has no causal power beyond its role as an information tag.
2. The "Objective" Color Fallacy
Your intersubjective agreement about purple stems from:
- Shared cone cell biology: 94% of humans have L/M/S photopsins with peak sensitivities at ~560nm (red), ~530nm (green), ~420nm (blue)
- Cultural conditioning: Modern color lexicons standardized via Pantone systems and CIE charts
Yet this consensus doesn't make purple an emergent physical property.
Consider this.
The Himba tribe uses "zoozu" for dark colors (blue/purple/black) and doesn't distinguish purple as a category
Industrial paint manufacturers recognize 12,000+ color terms, far beyond basic spectral labels
Your "purple" onion would register as #6A1B9A in HEX, 17.3° hue in CIELAB, arbitrary numerical tags, not causal agents
Contains zero causal nodes requiring "purple" as an explanatory variable. Replace "purple" with "wavelength combo X" and the physics/neurology remains identical. Contrast with a table's causal power. Replace "table" with "carbon lattice configuration Y" and you lose the explanatory utility.
4. The Qualia Dodge
You're right to reject qualia-centric debates, but the alternative isn't reifying color categories. Instead, recognize that:
a) The onion's surface selectively reflects wavelengths
b) Your visual system detects this pattern
c) Your brain applies a culturally-learned label
d) The label activates memory associations
The causal oomph lives in the biochemical aversion pathways, not the color label. Change the label (call it "ploobalooba") while keeping wavelength data and aversion remains. Change the wavelengths while keeping the label, and behavior shifts.
5. The Real Emergent Culprit
What does have causal power here is pattern recognition heuristics. Your brain evolved to:
- Create color categories as survival shortcuts ("red" = blood/danger)
- Link these to outcomes via associative learning
These heuristics are genuine emergent properties with causal effects, but they're neural algorithms, not spectral properties. The purple label is their UI, not their codebase.
TL;DR
You're mistaking the map (color categories) for the territory (wavelength interactions). Tables derive causal power from structural emergence, "purple" derives consensus from neuro-cultural emergence. One explains why plates don't fall through surfaces, the other why we argue about onions at barbecues.
Not quite. Alexander Fleming was growing cultures of staph bacteria, went away for some time, and when he came back, found one petri dish had been contaminated with fungus, and that the fungus inhibited the growth of the bacteria. It seems to be unclear where the contamination came from, but the fungus itself was already known to science at the time.
Nasdaq composite is down 5.6% at the time of writing this comment.
I honestly think Trump is doing this just to enrich himself and his friends. Stock market crashes always end up transfering wealth from the poor to the rich.
It certainly could. Depends a lot on the specifics of how the UBI is implemented, and how UBI affects salary levels. If everything remained the same and everyone just got x more income each year, then yes, inflation is very likely. On the other hand, something more like no questions asked/no demands made social security, where the only requirement is being unemployed, could improve conditions for people who are unable to work while paying for itself in eliminating heaps of red tape, and also freeing up a lots of manpower towards helping people sort out their lives instead of pouring over disability pension applications, without paying out a bunch of money to people who don't need it because they earn plenty from work already.
One could also pay out ubi universally, but have a one time down-adjustment of salaries the first year.
That's precisely how we've changed so drastically is an evolutionary blink of an eye.
And now, our cultural evolution has reached the point where we're even able to change our own genetics with planning and foresight in a single generation. So it seems to me that the blind watchmaker is essentially irrelevant now.
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